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Jensen's alpha was first used as a measure in the evaluation of mutual fund managers by Michael Jensen in 1968. [2] The CAPM return is supposed to be 'risk adjusted', which means it takes account of the relative riskiness of the asset. This is based on the concept that riskier assets should have higher expected returns than less risky assets.
Modigliani risk-adjusted return is defined as follows: Let be the excess return of the portfolio (i.e., above the risk-free rate) for some time period : . where is the portfolio return for time period and is the risk-free rate for time period .
The phrase “past performance is not an indicator of future performance” (or similar) can be found in the fine print of most mutual fund literature. Nonetheless, past performance of an investment fund or portfolio, and the management thereof, is frequently considered when judging the fund or the management of it.
1. Stock funds. These mutual funds primarily focus on stocks. They aim to achieve higher profits by investing in hundreds or even thousands of stocks at the same time.
Morningstar, Inc. is an American financial services firm headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, founded by Joe Mansueto in 1984. It provides an array of investment research and investment management services.
Betas commonly quoted in mutual fund analyses often measure the exposure to a specific fund benchmark, rather than to the overall stock market. Such a beta would measure the risk from adding a specific fund to a holder of the mutual fund benchmark portfolio, rather than the risk of adding the fund to a portfolio of the market. [4]
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