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  2. Morphine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine

    In general, non-medical use of morphine entails taking more than prescribed or outside of medical supervision, injecting oral formulations, mixing it with unapproved potentiators such as alcohol, cocaine, and the like, or defeating the extended-release mechanism by chewing the tablets or turning into a powder for snorting or preparing injectables.

  3. List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used...

    may be confused with "MSO4", spell out "magnesium sulfate" midi at midday min. minimum [or] minim [or] minutum: minimum [or] minim [or] minute mist. mistura: mixture mL millilitre mod. præscript. modo præscripto: in the manner directed MS morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate: can mean either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate, spell out ...

  4. Oxymorphone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymorphone

    Oxymorphone (sold under the brand names Numorphan and Opana among others) is a highly potent opioid analgesic indicated for treatment of severe pain. Pain relief after injection begins after about 5–10 minutes, after oral administration it begins after about 30 minutes, and lasts about 3–4 hours for immediate-release tablets and 12 hours for extended-release tablets. [6]

  5. Morphine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(+)-Morphine

    To the contrary, in rats, (+)-morphine acts as an antianalgesic and is approximately 71,000 times more potent as an antianalgesic than (−)-morphine is as an analgesic. [ 1 ] (+)-Morphine derives its antianalgesic effects by being a selective-agonist of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which due to not binding to opioid receptors allows it to ...

  6. Codeine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine

    Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. [4] [6] It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain.

  7. Heroin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin

    Heroin's oral bioavailability is both dose-dependent (as is morphine's) and significantly higher than oral use of morphine itself, reaching up to 64.2% for high doses and 45.6% for low doses; opiate-naive users showed far less absorption of the drug at low doses, having bioavailabilities of only up to 22.9%. The maximum plasma concentration of ...

  8. Extended-release morphine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended-release_morphine

    For constant pain, the relieving effect of extended-release morphine given once (for Kadian [9]) or twice (for MS Contin [9]) every 24 hours is roughly the same as multiple administrations of immediate release (or "regular") morphine. [10] Morphine sulfate pentahydrade (trade names including Dolcontin) has a higher molecular mass than morphine ...

  9. Opioid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid

    Opioid antagonists remain the standard treatment for respiratory depression following opioid overdose, with naloxone being by far the most commonly used, although the longer acting antagonist nalmefene may be used for treating overdoses of long-acting opioids such as methadone, and diprenorphine is used for reversing the effects of extremely ...

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