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One way to do this is to say that two sets "have the same number of elements", if and only if all the elements of one set can be paired with the elements of the other, in such a way that each element is paired with exactly one element. Accordingly, one can define two sets to "have the same number of elements"—if there is a bijection between ...
In Arnold's native Russian, the map is known as "okroshka (cold soup) from a cat" (Russian: окрошка из кошки), in reference to the map's mixing properties, and which forms a play on words. Arnold later wrote that he found the name "Arnold's Cat" by which the map is known in English and other languages to be "strange". [2]
A bilinear map is a function: such that for all , the map (,) is a linear map from to , and for all , the map (,) is a linear map from to . In other words, when we hold the first entry of the bilinear map fixed while letting the second entry vary, the result is a linear operator, and similarly for when we hold the second entry fixed.
An efficient implementation using a disjoint-set data structure can perform each union and find operation on two sets in nearly constant amortized time (specifically, (()) time; () < for any plausible value of ), so the running time of this algorithm is essentially proportional to the number of walls available to the maze.
Catmull–Clark level-3 subdivision of a cube with the limit subdivision surface shown below. (Note that although it looks like the bi-cubic interpolation approaches a sphere, an actual sphere is quadric.) Visual difference between sphere (green) and Catmull-Clark subdivision surface (magenta) from a cube
Let P and Q be two sets, each containing N points in .We want to find the transformation from Q to P.For simplicity, we will consider the three-dimensional case (=).The sets P and Q can each be represented by N × 3 matrices with the first row containing the coordinates of the first point, the second row containing the coordinates of the second point, and so on, as shown in this matrix:
The extended ƒ-vector is formed by concatenating the number one at each end of the ƒ-vector, counting the number of objects at all levels of the face lattice; on the left side of the vector, f −1 = 1 counts the empty set as a face, while on the right side, f d = 1 counts P itself. For the cube the extended ƒ-vector is (1,8,12,6,1) and for ...
In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear map (also called a linear mapping, linear transformation, vector space homomorphism, or in some contexts linear function) is a mapping between two vector spaces that preserves the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication.