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Citrobacter freundii is a species of facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae which currently consists of 13 recognized species. These bacteria have a rod shape with a typical length of 1–5 μm. Most C. freundii cells have several flagella used for locomotion, although some non-motile taxa do not.
Citrobacter freundii strains have inducible ampC genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins. [8] In addition, isolates of Citrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.
ESCAPPM or ESCHAAPPM is a mnemonic for the organisms with inducible beta-lactamase activity that is chromosomally mediated. [1]E: Enterobacter spp. S: Serratia spp. C: Citrobacter freundii
Antibiotic molecules that successfully traverse the porin channels may be removed by efflux pumps. Downregulation of the porin OprD2 is an important contributor to imipenem resistance. [39] Like the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter can express a wide range of antibiotic-deactivitating enzymes, including beta lactamases.
Tigecycline is indicated for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections caused by; Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus anginosus grp., Bacteroides fragilis ...
At the UVA Medical Center, a transfer mechanism of KPC-dependent carbapenem resistance was discovered in the transmission of a plasmid carrying the transposon (Tn4401), which contains the KPC gene (bla KPC), to several bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, E. coli, and Citrobacter freundii. [34]
"And many drugs interfere with vitamin K such as antacids, blood thinners, antibiotics, aspirin and more," adds Susie; "so talk to your pharmacist, prescribing provider or dietitian for guidance."
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria.It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota.