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Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, [1] and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors.
Sociologists Arthur Brittan and Satoshi Ikeda describe masculinism as an ideology justifying male domination in society. [ c ] [ 20 ] Masculinism, according to Brittan, maintains that there is "a fundamental difference" between men and women and rejects feminist arguments that male–female relationships are political constructs.
Hegemonic masculinity is often reproduced and reinforced through media and culture. "Media representations of men…often glorify men's use of physical force, a daring demeanor, virility, and emotional distance." Contemporary rap music is a striking example of masculinity on display.
With the increasing awareness of toxic masculinity in this day and age, what it means to “be a man” isn’t the same as it used to be. What may have been scoffed at in the past may be praised ...
The film, made at Clevedon School in North Somerset, warns against toxic masculinity in society, a term that refers to a set of behaviours and attitudes that can be damaging to mental health.
Because homosexual men are associated with feminine attributes, they are perceived with lower level of masculinity, and as a result, they receive less respect than heterosexual men in society. This, in turn, can limit their "ability to achieve upward social mobility, to be taken seriously, or to hold positions of power". [ 25 ]
Early men's studies scholars studied social construction of masculinity, [12] which the Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell is best known for.. Connell introduced the concept of hegemonic masculinity, describing it as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man.
Androcentrism was a consequence of human development in society, "based on an irrational glorification of the trivial male fertilizing function, had “resulted in arresting the development of half the world.” [9] Therefore, androcentrism can be understood as a societal fixation on masculinity from which all things originate.