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The 500-million download threshold for free applications has been established to maintain the list's manageability and focus on the most widely distributed apps. It's worth noting that many of the applications in this list are distributed pre-installed on top-selling Android devices [ 2 ] and may be considered bloatware by some people because ...
Pearson's correlation coefficient is the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a "product moment", that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name.
In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value [note 1] is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct. [2] [3] A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis.
Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), [1] is a non-parametric multivariate statistical permutation test.PERMANOVA is used to compare groups of objects and test the null hypothesis that the centroids and dispersion of the groups as defined by measure space are equivalent for all groups.
In statistics, the Wald test (named after Abraham Wald) assesses constraints on statistical parameters based on the weighted distance between the unrestricted estimate and its hypothesized value under the null hypothesis, where the weight is the precision of the estimate.
Developers must pay a yearly $99 fee as part of Apple's Developer Program; [79] if their membership expires, their apps are removed from the App Store, though existing users retain the ability to redownload the app. [80] Developers can release free apps, or paid apps for which Apple takes a 30% cut of proceeds. [81]