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The adaptive control of thought model assumes a distinction between declarative knowledge, knowledge that is conscious and consists of facts, [2] and procedural knowledge, knowledge of how an activity is done. [3] [4] In this model, skill acquisition is seen as a progression from declarative to procedural knowledge. [4]
Within the receptive–productive distinction lies a range of abilities that are often referred to as degree of knowledge. This simply indicates that a word gradually enters a person's vocabulary over a period of time as more aspects of word knowledge are learnt. Roughly, these stages could be described as: Never encountered the word.
Listening, speaking, reading and writing are generally called the four language skills. Speaking and writing are the productive skills, while reading and listening are the receptive skills. Often the skills are divided into sub-skills, such as discriminating sounds in connected speech, or understanding relationships within a sentence. Learning ...
Constructivism in education is rooted in epistemology, a theory of knowledge concerned with the logical categories of knowledge and its justification. [3] It acknowledges that learners bring prior knowledge and experiences shaped by their social and cultural environment and that learning is a process of students "constructing" knowledge based on their experiences.
3.5 Teaching (key strategies and approaches for developing learners’ receptive and productive skills). Topic 3 is assessed through teaching practice (planning and teaching) and a written assignment focused on an aspect of language skills: ‘Language skills related tasks’ . Topic 4 – Planning and resources for different teaching contexts
This leads to a form of circularity, known as the problem of the criterion: criteria of knowledge are needed to identify individual cases of knowledge and cases of knowledge are needed to learn what the criteria of knowledge are. [12] [13] [14] Two approaches to this problem have been suggested: methodism and particularism. Methodists put their ...
Theorists like John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, whose collective work focused on how students learn, have informed the move to student-centered learning.Dewey was an advocate for progressive education, and he believed that learning is a social and experiential process by making learning an active process as children learn by doing.
It is based on the work of the ACTFL-CEFR Alignment Conferences that started in 2010. Generally, the ACTFL is stricter with regard to receptive skills than productive skills, compared to the CEFR. [17] The following table may not be read as an indication of what ACTFL level follows from taking a CEFR-aligned test.