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The life cycle of salmon requires specific conditions within the chain of connected environments. Salmon typically live 3–6 years, which often changes depending on life conditions. While some salmon stay within the Puget Sound, others will migrate and live deeper in the Pacific Ocean. [ 9 ]
Salmon presents the history of salmon, both pertaining to its life cycle and presence in the animal food chain, as well as its impact on humans. [2] The book details how salmon has been used across various countries and cultures, including Japan, Colombia, and Scotland, [3] where it has been fished, and used as food and currency. [4]
The life cycle of a salmon begins in a freshwater stream or river that dumps into the ocean. [2] After spending four or five years in the ocean and reaching sexual maturity, many salmon return to the same streams they were born in to spawn. There are several hypotheses on how salmon are able to do this.
A grizzly bear ambushing a jumping salmon during an annual salmon run. A salmon run is an annual fish migration event where many salmonid species, which are typically hatched in fresh water and live most of their adult life downstream in the ocean, swim back against the stream to the upper reaches of rivers to spawn on the gravel beds of small creeks.
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Several Pacific salmon (Chinook, coho and Steelhead) have been introduced into the US Great Lakes, and have become potamodromous, migrating between their natal waters to feeding grounds entirely within fresh water. Life cycle of anadromous fish. From a U.S. Government pamphlet. (Click image to enlarge.)
Atlantic salmon do not require saltwater. Numerous examples of fully freshwater (i.e., "landlocked") populations of the species exist throughout the Northern Hemisphere, [2] including a now extinct population in Lake Ontario, which has been shown in recent studies to have spent its entire life cycle in the watershed of the lake. [22]
Salmon swimming upstream in a river in Alaska. The survival of wild salmon relies heavily on them having suitable habitat for spawning and rearing of their young. [1] This habitat is the main concern for conservationists. Salmon habitat can be degraded by many different factors including land development, timber harvest, or resource extraction. [2]