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A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
Some have argued that these twelve successors cannot be the first twelve caliphs after Muhammad because that list includes Yazid I (r. 680–683) who killed Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, and assaulted Medina, a city held sacred in Islam. [8] Alternatively, in his commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari, the Sunni theologian al-Qastallani (d.
Sunni Muslims contend that Muhammad did not explicitly appoint a successor, leaving the choice of leadership to the Muslim community. They recognize the legitimacy of Abu Bakr's rule, who was elected at Saqifah , as well as that of his successors, collectively known as the Rashidun caliphs .
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
The Saqifah event excluded Muhammad's family, who were preparing to bury him, and most of the Muhajirun. [8] Many members of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, as well as a number of Muhammad's companions opposed the nomination of Abu Bakr; [9] they held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad, appointed by him at the Event of Ghadir ...
After Muhammad's death, Ali inherited Muhammad's divine knowledge and his authority to correctly interpret the Quran, especially its allegorical and metaphorical verses (mutashabihat). [ 78 ] [ 79 ] In the Shia view, since the time of the first prophet, Adam , the earth has never remained without an Imam, in the form of prophets and their ...
Umar was a conscientious man, and he was presumably prompted by his moral courage to "rectify" the "error" which Muhammad had made in giving the estate of Fadak to his daughter in A.D. 628 Umar had, to all intents and purposes, appointed himself a "censor" of the words and deeds of Muhammad while the latter was still alive.
As the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Ali ibn Abi Talib was likely the first male to profess Islam. [1] He significantly contributed to Muhammad's cause inside and outside the battlefield. [2] [3] After he died in 632 CE, Muhammad was succeeded by Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644), and Uthman (r.