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[2] The rationalization process is the practical application of knowledge to achieve a desired end. Its purpose is to bring about efficiency, coordination, and control of the natural and social environment. It is a product of "scientific specialization and technical differentiation" that seems to be a characteristic of Western culture. [1]
Industrial output in 2005 Service output in 2005. The three-sector model in economics divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (), manufacturing (), and service industries which exist to facilitate the transport, distribution and sale of goods produced in the secondary sector (). [1]
The architect of the Toyota Production System, Taiichi Ohno, described the five whys method as "the basis of Toyota's scientific approach by repeating why five times [5] the nature of the problem as well as its solution becomes clear." [2] The tool has seen use beyond Toyota, and is now used within Kaizen, lean manufacturing, lean construction ...
Traditional examples of industrial policy include subsidizing export industries and import-substitution-industrialization (ISI), where trade barriers are temporarily imposed on some key sectors, such as manufacturing. [7] By selectively protecting certain industries, these industries are given time to learn (learning by doing) and upgrade
Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) [1] is a method for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing company. Ideally, it addresses operational planning in units, financial planning, and has a simulation capability to answer " what-if " questions and is an extension of closed-loop MRP (Material Requirements Planning).
The method has been used in architecture, [2] healthcare, [3] product development, processes design, information technology systems, and even to create lean business models. [4] It relies on the definition and optimization of values coupled with the prevention of wastes before they enter the system. Design for lean manufacturing is system ...
Mass customization is a product design strategy and is currently used with both delayed differentiation and modular design to enhance the value delivered to customers. [2]Mass customization is the method of, "effectively postponing the task of differentiating a product for a specific customer until the latest possible point in the supply network".
Process manufacturing is a branch of manufacturing that is associated with formulas and manufacturing recipes, [1] and can be contrasted with discrete manufacturing, which is concerned with discrete units, bills of materials and the assembly of components. Process manufacturing is also referred to as a 'process industry' which is defined as an ...