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[39] [40] The factorial number system is a mixed radix notation for numbers in which the place values of each digit are factorials. [41] Factorials are used extensively in probability theory, for instance in the Poisson distribution [42] and in the probabilities of random permutations. [43]
The factorial of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n. For example, 5! = 5×4×3×2×1 = 120. By convention, the value of 0! is defined as 1. This classical factorial function appears prominently in many theorems in number theory. The following are a few of these theorems. [1]
The factorial number system provides a unique representation for each natural number, with the given restriction on the "digits" used. No number can be represented in more than one way because the sum of consecutive factorials multiplied by their index is always the next factorial minus one:
In number theory, a factorion in a given number base is a natural number that equals the sum of the factorials of its digits. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The name factorion was coined by the author Clifford A. Pickover .
A similar result holds for the rising factorial and the backward difference operator. The study of analogies of this type is known as umbral calculus. A general theory covering such relations, including the falling and rising factorial functions, is given by the theory of polynomial sequences of binomial type and Sheffer sequences. Falling and ...
De Moivre gave an approximate rational-number expression for the natural logarithm of the constant. Stirling's contribution consisted of showing that the constant is precisely 2 π {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2\pi }}} .
Since ! is the product of the integers 1 through n, we obtain at least one factor of p in ! for each multiple of p in {,, …,}, of which there are ⌊ ⌋.Each multiple of contributes an additional factor of p, each multiple of contributes yet another factor of p, etc. Adding up the number of these factors gives the infinite sum for (!
Now, to perform our recursive call to the factorial function, we would simply call (Y G) n, where n is the number we are calculating the factorial of. Given n = 4, for example, this gives: ( Y G) 4