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Indicative Subjunctive Present: Future: Imperfect: Present: Imperfect: Active I love: I will love: I was loving: I may love: I might love: I you sg. he, she, it we you pl. they: amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant: amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt: amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant: amem amēs amet ...
In some sentences, the pluperfect subjunctive is a reflection of an original imperfect indicative, as in the following example, where the original verbs would have been mīlitābāmus and habēbāmus: [61] [dīxit eōs] id tantum dēprecārī, nē īnferiōrēs iīs ordinēs quam quōs cum mīlitāssent habuissent adtribuantur (Livy) [62]
The pluperfect indicative with fueram and future perfect with fuerō, on the other hand, were used more often in classical Latin: in the Augustan-period writers Hyginus and Vitruvius they even outnumber the normal tenses, and in the travelogue of the pilgrim Egeria (4th century AD), they completely replaced them.
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e.g. dūc- ) and three on the perfect stem (e.g. dūx- ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative.
The perfect subjunctive can also be used in a wish for the future, but this use is described as 'archaic'. [15] quod dī ōmen averterint! (Cicero) [20] 'but may the gods avert this omen!' The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are used in wishes to represent an imagined or wished for situation or event which is no longer capable of ...
A negative order can also use the perfect subjunctive: [8] dē mē nihil timuerīs [9] 'do not be afraid on my account' In later Latin, nē plus the present subjunctive became more common, for example in the Vulgate Bible. In the following example the first three verbs use the present subjunctive, and the third the perfect subjunctive:
In the apodosis of ideal and unreal conditions, the verb is usually subjunctive, but sometimes the indicative is used. A difference from English grammar is that in open future conditions, it is usual in Latin to use one of the future tenses, when English has the present tense.
Latin word order is relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun (vir bonus or bonus vir both mean 'a good man'); [5] and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both hostium castra and castra hostium; the latter is more common). [6]