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109 Gm (0.7 au) – distance between Venus and the Sun 149.6 Gm (93.0 million mi; 1.0 au) – average distance between the Earth and the Sun – the original definition of the astronomical unit 199 Gm (1.3 au) – diameter of Rho Persei , an asymptotic giant branch star, fusing carbon into neon in a shell surrounding an inert core.
Heliographic coordinate systems are used to identify locations on the Sun's surface. The two most commonly used systems are the Stonyhurst and Carrington systems. They both define latitude as the angular distance from the solar equator, but differ in how they define longitude. In Stonyhurst coordinates, the longitude is fixed for an observer on ...
Evolution of the solar luminosity, radius and effective temperature compared to the present-day Sun. After Ribas (2009) [3] The uncrewed SOHO spacecraft was used to measure the radius of the Sun by timing transits of Mercury across the surface during 2003 and 2006. The result was a measured radius of 696,342 ± 65 kilometres (432,687 ± 40 ...
The Sun appears to move northward during the northern spring, crossing the celestial equator on the March equinox. Its declination reaches a maximum equal to the angle of Earth's axial tilt (23.44° or 23°26') [ 8 ] [ 9 ] on the June solstice , then decreases until reaching its minimum (−23.44° or -23°26') on the December solstice , when ...
Longitude measures the rotational angle between the zero meridian and the measured point. By convention for the Earth, Moon and Sun, it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +180°. For other bodies a range of 0° to 360° is used. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify a zero meridian, which for Earth is usually the Prime ...
The equinox arrives on Saturday, marking the start of the fall season for the Northern Hemisphere. Here's what to know about how we split up the year using the Earth's orbit. As the Earth travels ...