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Squalene is biosynthesized through the head-to-head condensation of two farnesyl pyrophosphate units. This coupling converts a pair of C15 components into a C30 product. Squalene serves as precursor for the formation of many triterpenoids, including bacterial hopanoids and eukaryotic sterols.
Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpene with the formula C 30 H 50. It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow. It was originally obtained from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12% of bodily squalene in humans is found in sebum. [5]
The linear triterpene squalene, the major constituent of shark liver oil, is derived from the reductive coupling of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. Squalene is then processed biosynthetically to generate either lanosterol or cycloartenol, the structural precursors to all the steroids.
Oxidosqualene cyclase, which is downstream of squalene in the pathway, is an attractive target for inhibition. Many inhibitors have been proposed, among them steroid analogs, phenol-based compounds, benzamide and carboxamide derivatives, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
Squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) (EC 5.4.99.17) or hopan-22-ol hydro-lyase is an enzyme in the terpene cyclase/mutase family. It catalyzes the interconversion of squalene into a pentacyclic triterpenes, hopene and hopanol .
Some bacteria are known to alternatively possess a set of three genes to biosynthesize squalene (HpnCDE). [5] HpnC and HpnD are homologous to each other and seem to have co-evolved in HpnCDE-containing species, together with HpnE. HpnCD are further homologous to SQS and PSY and thus are members of the squalene/phytoene synthase family.
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A mogroside is a triterpene glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine Siraitia grosvenorii (known as monkfruit or luohan guo). [1] [2] Mogrosides are extracted from S. grosvenorii and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes. [1] [2]