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[72] Historically, there was extensive and long-lasting racial discrimination against African Americans in the housing and mortgage markets in the United States, [73] [74] as well as discrimination against Black farmers whose numbers massively declined in post-WWII America due to anti-Black local and federal policies. [75]
This era is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations because racism, segregation, racial discrimination, and expressions of White supremacy all increased. So did anti-Black violence, including race riots such as the Atlanta race riot of 1906, the Elaine massacre of 1919, the Tulsa race massacre of 1921, and the Rosewood ...
Major figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks [14] were involved in the fight against the race-based discrimination of the Civil Rights Movement. . Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat in 1955 sparked the Montgomery bus boycott—a large movement in Montgomery, Alabama, that was an integral period at the beginning of the Civil Rights Moveme
The 1964 Act was passed to end discrimination in various fields based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the areas of employment and public accommodation. [162] [163] The 1964 Act did not prohibit sex discrimination against persons employed at educational institutions. A parallel law, Title VI, had also been enacted in 1964 to ...
Racial prejudice became subject to international legislation. For instance, the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1963, addresses racial prejudice explicitly next to discrimination for reasons of race, colour or ethnic origin (Article I). [105]
Discrimination in a restaurant in Juneau, Alaska, in 1908: "All White Help." Racial segregation in Alaska was primarily targeted at Alaska Natives. [101] In 1905, the Nelson Act specified an educational system for whites and one for indigenous Alaskans. [102] Public areas such as playgrounds, swimming pools, and theaters were also segregated. [103]
This succeeded in persuading the federal government to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed racial discrimination. [15] The 2020 United States census reported that 46,936,733 respondents identified as African Americans, forming roughly 14.2% of the American population. [16]
The civil rights movement (1896–1954) was a long, primarily nonviolent action to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The era has had a lasting impact on American society – in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.