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The exact formulation is as follows. Consider two systems, 1 and 2, in thermal contact, with respective energies E 1 and E 2. We assume E 1 + E 2 = some constant E. The number of microstates of each system will be denoted by Ω 1 and Ω 2. Under our assumptions Ω i depends only on E i.
A servomotor (or servo motor or simply servo) [1] is a rotary or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration in a mechanical system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It constitutes part of a servomechanism , and consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback and a controller ...
The outer PID controller has a long time constant – all the water in the tank needs to heat up or cool down. The inner loop responds much more quickly. Each controller can be tuned to match the physics of the system it controls – heat transfer and thermal mass of the whole tank or of just the heater – giving better total response. [37] [38]
Following a specified motion trajectory is called servoing, [4] where "servo" is used as a verb. The servo prefix originates from the Latin word servus meaning slave. [1] The term correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction signals help control mechanical position, speed, attitude or any other measurable variables. [5]
Secondly, the word dynamics ("science of force [or power]") [22] can be traced back to the root δύναμις dynamis, meaning "power". [23] In 1849, the adjective thermo-dynamic is used by William Thomson. [24] [25] In 1854, the noun thermo-dynamics is used by Thomson and William Rankine to represent the science of generalized heat engines ...
However, it reaches zero only when the system has a unique ground state (i.e., the state with the minimum thermal energy has only one configuration, or microstate). Microstates are used here to describe the probability of a system being in a specific state, as each microstate is assumed to have the same probability of occurring, so macroscopic ...