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Although Poliak argued that the Khazar kingdom did not wholly succumb to Sviatoslav's campaign, but lingered on until 1224, when the Mongols invaded Rus', [131] [132] by most accounts, the Rus'-Oghuz campaigns left Khazaria devastated, with perhaps many Khazarian Jews in flight, [133] and leaving behind at best a minor rump state.
Atil, also Itil, was the capital of the Khazar Khaganate from the mid-8th century to the late 10th century. It is known historically to have been situated along the Silk Road, on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, in the Volga Delta region of modern Southern Russia.
Relations between the Muslims of the Caucasus and the Khazars remained largely peaceful thereafter and the Caucasus became an avenue of trade linking the Middle East to Eastern Europe; peace was interrupted by two Khazar raids in the 760s and in 799 resulting from failed efforts to secure an alliance through marriage between the Arab governors ...
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The Khazar Khaganate had initially been an enemy of the Umayyad Caliphate. In the late 8th century however, the Khazar Khaganate made peace with the Abbasid Caliphate, and between circa 775 and circa 900 the state served a key role as the intermediary in trade between Europe and the Muslim world, in which the slave trade played a major part. [1]
Khazar Kingdom, c. 750–950 CE (semi-nomadic Turkic state in the Caucasus whose ruling royal elite seems to have converted to Judaism, although the extent to which it was adopted by commoners is highly debated) [11] [12] [13] Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia c. 1934 CE–present, one of the federal subjects of Russia. [14] [15] [16]
Khazaran was a city in the Khazar kingdom, located on the eastern bank of the lower Volga River.It was connected to Atil by a pontoon bridge.. Khazaran was later inhabited primarily by Muslims and featured numerous mosques, minarets, and madrasas.
The Primary Chronicle, an important source of information on the early history of the area, says that Slavic Kyivans told Askold and Dir that they had no local ruler and paid tribute to the Khazars - an event attributed to the 9th century. Brook believes that in the 8th and 9th centuries the city was an outpost of the Khazar empire.