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If X is a nonnegative random variable and a > 0, and U is a uniformly distributed random variable on [,] that is independent of X, then [4] (). Since U is almost surely smaller than one, this bound is strictly stronger than Markov's inequality.
Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in chemistry, for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water.The quantity "1 ppm" can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample solution.