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The concept of psychological contract became more popular among researchers starting in the 1990s, [8] but was named decades earlier in 1960 by Chris Argyris.As studies in industrial relations developed and grew more complex, it was revealed that employees are more likely to perform better in certain work environments.
Chris Argyris (July 16, 1923 – November 16, 2013 [1]) was an American business theorist and professor at Yale School of Management and Harvard Business School. Argyris, like Richard Beckhard , Edgar Schein and Warren Bennis , [ citation needed ] is known as a co-founder of organization development , and known for seminal work on learning ...
Perceived organizational support (POS) and perceived psychological contract violation (PPCV) are the two most common measures of the reciprocity norm in organizational research. POS is the degree to which employees’ believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being. [ 17 ]
Perceived psychological contract violation (PPCV) is a construct that regards employees’ feelings of disappointment (ranging from minor frustration to betrayal) arising from their belief that their organization has broken its psychological contract of work-related promises, [1] and is generally thought to be the organization's contribution to a negative reciprocity dynamic, as employees tend ...
By 1952, the center's work was divided into three areas of interest, each with its own research director: analyzing human relations in an organizational context, using extensive interview data from the Southern New England Telephone Company, led by Bakke and Argyris, with a number of assistants; forming a treatise on wage theory, led by ...
In Intervention Theory and Method Chris Argyris argues that in organization development, effective intervention depends on appropriate and useful knowledge that offers a range of clearly defined choices and that the target should be for as many people as possible to be committed to the option chosen and to feel responsibility for it. Overall ...
Double-loop learning is used when it is necessary to change the mental model on which a decision depends. Unlike single loops, this model includes a shift in understanding, from simple and static to broader and more dynamic, such as taking into account the changes in the surroundings and the need for expression changes in mental models. [3]
Forty Studies was reviewed by the American Psychological Association after the publication of its second edition in 1995. [2] It has become a well-known textbook in psychology [3] and has received peer-reviewed approval by the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's Project Syllabus [4] for use in both lower-level [5] [6] and upper-level courses. [7]