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Use of the phrase "working hypothesis" goes back to at least the 1850s. [7]Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis is not only justifiable as a tentative conclusion by its plausibility (by which he meant its naturalness and economy of explanation), [8] but also justifiable as a starting point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research.
A scientific model seeks to represent empirical objects, phenomena, and physical processes in a logical and objective way. All models are in simulacra, that is, simplified reflections of reality that, despite being approximations, can be extremely useful. [6] Building and disputing models is fundamental to the scientific enterprise.
A research proposal is a document proposing a research project, generally in the sciences or academia, and generally constitutes a request for sponsorship of that research. [1] Proposals are evaluated on the cost and potential impact of the proposed research, and on the soundness of the proposed plan for carrying it out. [2] Research proposals ...
There are many philosophical and historical theories as to how scientific consensus changes over time. Because the history of scientific change is extremely complicated, and because there is a tendency to project "winners" and "losers" onto the past in relation to the current scientific consensus, it is very difficult to come up with accurate and rigorous models for scientific change. [17]
Topic models are being used also in other contexts. For examples uses of topic models in biology and bioinformatics research emerged. [24] Recently topic models has been used to extract information from dataset of cancers' genomic samples. [25] In this case topics are biological latent variables to be inferred.
A science project is an educational activity for students involving experiments or construction of models in one of the science disciplines. Students may present their science project at a science fair, so they may also call it a science fair project. Science projects may be classified into four main types.
The science outline provides a taxonomy of the subject, and also serves as a table of contents and navigation aid to browse Wikipedia's articles (and article sections) about the subject. It is also a useful tool for the WikiProject to analyze, plan and develop science-related material. Outlines are a hub from which to organize scientific topics.
The Language and Information Technology Research Lab (LiTRL) is headed by Director Victoria L. Rubin. The lab's mission statement is to "improve access to information by developing language models, methods, and software applications that can approach human-like understanding of texts through Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques."