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Today, the only surviving portion of the Roman History is the part from 69 BC to 46 AD. Ammianus Marcellinus, in his 31 book history sometimes translated as The Roman History or The Roman Empire, described the time from the reign of Nerva to the Battle of Adrianople, though the first thirteen books are lost. Bringing into the remaining books ...
Barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire, showing the Battle of Adrianople. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire faced its own problems with Germanic tribes. The Thervingi, an East Germanic tribe, fled their former lands following an invasion by the Huns. Their leaders Alavivus and Fritigern led them to seek refuge in the Eastern Roman Empire.
The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals, who paid a poll tax and a tax on their land, construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity. [222] Tax obligations were determined by the census: each head of household provided a headcount of his household, as well as an accounting of his property. [227]
EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History is a digital history portal that offers links to online facsimiles, transcriptions, and translations of European primary historical sources. The sponsoring organization is the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University , where it was begun in 1995 by Richard Hacken, European Studies ...
The Annals (Latin: Annales) by Roman historian and senator Tacitus [1] is a history of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to that of Nero, the years AD 14–68. [2] The Annals are an important source for modern understanding of the history of the Roman Empire during the 1st century AD. [3]
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 after the city was conquered by the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Consequently, Rome's power declined, and it eventually became part of the Eastern Roman Empire, as the Duchy of Rome, from the 6th to 8th centuries. At this time, the city was reduced to a fraction of its former size, being sacked several times in ...
The primary sources in classical studies are mainly the literary and inscriptional evidence from the ancient world. [a] [b] The works of ancient authors, even if they cite earlier known or lost writings, are primary sources (this includes, for example, Plutarch). [c] Inscriptions are also primary sources.