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The nature of the flood is important for success of deepwater rice, with timing and the rate of rise of water affecting survival and crop density. Generally, the flood water comes from rainfall or rises in the water table. In places with low rainfall, water overspilling from rivers can flood rice-producing areas. [citation needed]
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is the most serious disease of growing rice. [75] It and bacterial leaf streak (caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) are perennially the two worst rice diseases worldwide; they are both among the ten most important diseases of all crop plants. [76]
They require a great deal of labor and materials to create and need large quantities of water for irrigation. Oxen and water buffalo, adapted for life in wetlands, are important working animals used extensively in paddy field farming. Paddy field farming remains the dominant form of growing rice in modern times.
One of the earliest known examples of companion planting is the growing of rice with Azolla, the mosquito fern, which covers the top of a fresh rice paddy's water, blocking out any competing plants, as well as fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere for the rice to use. The rice is planted when it is tall enough to poke out above the azolla.
The two main components and determinants of taste in rice are starch and protein. [8] [9] 80-90% of the weight of an uncooked rice grain is starch, and 7-10% is protein. [9] [10] Other important components of rice include fat, fibers, and minerals, all comprising less than 1% of rice by weight. [11]
The term “upland rice” refers to rice cultivated in non-flooded conditions, and it can encompass various specific definitions. While most of the world's rice is grown in paddy fields or wet environments that require significant amount of water, rice itself does not inherently need flooding to thrive.
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Oryza sativa, having the common name Asian cultivated rice, [2] is the much more common of the two rice species cultivated as a cereal, the other species being O. glaberrima, African rice. It was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.