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Hindgut fermenters generally have a cecum and large intestine that are much larger and more complex than those of a foregut or midgut fermenter. [5] Research on small cecum fermenters such as flying squirrels, rabbits and lemurs has revealed these mammals to have a GI tract about 10-13 times the length of their body. [6]
Humans have a pseudogene for chymosin that does not generate a protein, found on chromosome 1. [4] [7] Humans have other proteins to digest milk, such as pepsin and lipase. [8]: 262 In addition to the primate lineage leading up to humans, some other mammals have also lost the chymosin gene. [2]
Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes.
[2] A monogastric digestive system works as soon as the food enters the mouth. Saliva moistens the food and begins the digestive process. (Note that horses have no (or negligible amounts of) amylase in their saliva). After being swallowed, the food passes from the esophagus into the stomach, where stomach acid and enzymes help to break down the ...
Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine which is the longest part of the GI tract. The largest part of the GI tract is the colon or large intestine. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste matter is stored prior to defecation. [2] There are many specialised cells of the GI tract.
Digestive enzymes take part in the chemical process of digestion, which follows the mechanical process of digestion. Food consists of macromolecules of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats that need to be broken down chemically by digestive enzymes in the mouth , stomach , pancreas , and duodenum , before being able to be absorbed into the ...
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Intracellular digestion is divided into heterophagic digestion and autophagic digestion. [3] These two types take place in the lysosome and they both have very specific functions. [ 3 ] Heterophagic intracellular digestion has an important job which is to break down all molecules that are brought into a cell by endocytosis. [ 3 ]