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The French periodical Le Monde Diplomatique, however, disagrees with this assessment, and devoted two entire articles to the discussion of "urban apartheid" [30] and "educational apartheid" [31] in France, citing them as the two main factors in the explosive 2005 French youth riots.
During the 20th century, several factors began leading more anthropologists away from the bipolar notions of foreign savagery versus Western civilization and more towards the study of urban cultures in general. A strong influence in this direction was the discovery of vast regions of the world thanks to a significant increase in human mobility ...
Urban geography is the subdiscipline of geography that derives from a study of cities and urban processes. Urban geographers and urbanists [1] examine various aspects of urban life and the built environment. Scholars, activists, and the public have participated in, studied, and critiqued flows of economic and natural resources, human and non ...
Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably Lewis Mumford, The City in History (1961). [5] Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).
Urban culture is the culture of towns and cities. The defining theme is the presence of a large population in a limited space that follows social norms . [ 1 ] This makes it possible for many subcultures close to each other, exposed to social influence without necessarily intruding into the private sphere . [ 2 ]
The political culture in France, as of the beginning of the 21st century, can be summed up by the people's main expectations for governments to ensure a degree of social welfare. [1] France exhibits labour protections and democracy with a multiparty system dominated by conservative , social-liberal and social democratic forces, with a strong ...
The aire urbaine is built from France's nationwide interlocking administrative commune municipalities: when a commune has over 2000 inhabitants and contains a centre of dense construction (buildings spaced no more than 200 metres apart), it is combined with other adjoining communes fulfilling the same criteria to become a single unité urbaine ("urban unit" [4]); if an urban unit offers over ...
Three factors have come to the forefront as the main evolutionary influencers in urban areas: the urban microclimate, pollution, and urban habitat fragmentation. [8] These influence the processes that drive evolution, such as natural and sexual selection, mutation , gene flow and genetic drift .