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Clonidine. Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α 2A -adrenergic agonist [12] medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. [13]
a box of Lorazepam Orion (Lorazepam) tablets. Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. [14] It is used to treat anxiety (including anxiety disorders), trouble sleeping, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. [14]
Clonazepam, sold under the brand name Klonopin among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used to prevent and treat anxiety disorders, seizures, bipolar mania, agitation associated with psychosis, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and akathisia. [11]
Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time, as well as its water solubility, which reduces pain upon injection. Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used. Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect.
Sodium channel blockers are used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia. They are classified as "Type I" in the Vaughan Williams classification. Class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the (Na +) channel. Class I agents are grouped by their effect on the Na + channel, and by their effect on cardiac action potentials.
The tables below contain a sample list of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine analogs that are commonly prescribed, with their basic pharmacological characteristics, such as half-life and equivalent doses to other benzodiazepines, also listed, along with their trade names and primary uses. The elimination half-life is how long it takes for half ...
Clonidine and other imidazoline compounds have also been shown to reduce muscle spasms by their central nervous system activity. Tizanidine is perhaps the most thoroughly studied clonidine analog, and is an agonist at α 2-adrenergic receptors, but reduces spasticity at doses that result in significantly less hypotension than clonidine. [26]
Imidazoline receptors are the primary receptors on which clonidine and other imidazolines act. [1] [2] [3] There are three main classes of imidazoline receptor: I 1 is involved in inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system to lower blood pressure, [4] I 2 has as yet uncertain functions but is implicated in several psychiatric conditions, [5] [6] and I 3 regulates insulin secretion.