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Clonidine. Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α 2A -adrenergic agonist [12] medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. [13]
Pain. Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain. Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours. [12][13] Side effects of nausea and constipation are rarely severe enough to warrant stopping treatment. It is used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains. [12]
Alpha-adrenergic agonist. Alpha-adrenergic agonists are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. The alpha-adrenergic receptor has two subclasses α 1 and α 2. Alpha 2 receptors are associated with sympatholytic properties. Alpha-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of alpha blockers.
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
An opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors. Fentanyl. 2 mg (white powder to the right) is a lethal dose in most people. [1] US penny is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide. Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that ...
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist: a medication used to reverse or reduce the effects of opioids. [13] For example, it is used to restore breathing after an opioid overdose. [13] Effects begin within two minutes when given intravenously, five minutes when injected into a muscle, [13] and ten minutes as a nasal spray. [14]
A sympatholytic (sympathoplegic) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). [1] They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as antihypertensives. They are also used to treat anxiety, such as generalized ...
Extended-release morphine. Extended-release (or slow-release) formulations of morphine are those whose effect last substantially longer than bare morphine, availing for, e.g., one administration per day. Conversion between extended-release and immediate-release (or "regular") morphine is easier than conversion to or from an equianalgesic dose ...