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See the Width section of Help:Table.To summarize, max-width is the preferred way to limit widths on tables. It works on divs too. Note though that in both tables and divs there needs to be spaces in long lines of text or wikitext.
The columns-start template and its child templates column and columns-end can be used to make a fixed number of columns (up to 5) that will span the entire page above a certain minimum width (100 ems for 5 columns, 80 for 4, 60 for 3 and 2). Below the minimum width, each column starting from the right will gracefully display below another one ...
Note that you may also specify the § height of individual rows, and if they add up to more than the table height you specified or if word wrapping increases row height, the table height you specified will be ignored and the table height increased as needed to accommodate all the rows (except on mobile where the bottom of the table will be cut ...
You can add a table using HTML rather than wiki markup, as described at HTML element#Tables. However, HTML tables are discouraged because wikitables are easier to customize and maintain, as described at manual of style on tables. Also, note that the <thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>, <colgroup>, and <col> elements are not supported in wikitext.
Instead, the solution (to both) as autowidened tables, with column-spacers (and no column "width="), will avoid both extremes, of too-wide percent-width columns or too-narrow pixel-width columns, and will allow a table to auto-adjust to the user's screen size, or various text-size zoom views.
Also, if the table has cell spacing (and thus border-collapse=separate), meaning that cells have separate borders with a gap in between, that gap will still be visible. A cruder way to align columns of numbers is to use a figure space   or  , which is intended to be the width of a numeral, though is font-dependent in practice:
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Tables are a common way of displaying data. This tutorial provides a guide to making new tables and editing existing ones. For guidelines on when and how to use tables, see the Manual of Style. The easiest way to insert a new table is to use the editing toolbar that appears when you edit a page (see image above).