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  2. Internal resistance to apartheid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_resistance_to...

    The products were mined by black labour workers, who were split up by Bantustan law, which designated different black South African tribes to work in give areas. It was a strategic move that allowed the white people to easily direct labour. [69] In 1973, labour action in South Africa was renewed as a result of the numerous strikes in Durban.

  3. African Resistance Movement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement

    The African Resistance Movement (ARM) was a militant anti-apartheid resistance movement, which operated in South Africa during the early and mid-1960s. It was founded in 1960, as the National Committee of Liberation (NCL), by members of South Africa's Liberal Party, which advocated the dismantling of apartheid and gradually transforming South Africa into a free multiracial society.

  4. Alf Kumalo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Kumalo

    In 1956, he found a permanent position at the Golden City Post and later received assignments from The Star, a South African daily, Drum magazine, and international publications like The New York Times. He was among the photographers who captured the Sharpeville massacre on 21 March 1960. [2]

  5. Bus boycotts in South Africa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_boycotts_in_South_Africa

    The African National Congress (ANC) established a Department of Social Welfare to investigate the needs of the increasingly urban population. In early August 1943, the bus fare in Alexandra Township increased from four to five cents, sparking a boycott of 20,000 individuals, including Nelson Mandela .

  6. Sharpeville massacre - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre

    Max Roach's 1960 album We Insist! Freedom Now Suite includes the composition "Tears for Johannesburg" in response to the massacre. South African artist Gavin Jantjes dedicated several prints in his series A South African Colouring Book (1974–75) to the Sharpeville Massacre. Iconic reportage photographs of scattering protesters are arranged ...

  7. Defiance Campaign - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_Campaign

    In 1948, the National Party (NP) won the election in South Africa and began to impose apartheid measures against Black people, Indians and any people of mixed race. [3] The NP restricted political power to white people only and allocated areas of South Africa for different races of people. [4]

  8. How the Clenched Fist Became a Black Power Symbol

    www.aol.com/clenched-fist-became-black-power...

    A protester holds up a large black power raised fist in the middle of the crowd that gathered at Columbus Circle in New York City for a Black Lives Matter Protest spurred by the death of George Floyd.

  9. Ossewabrandwag - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossewabrandwag

    The Ossewabrandwag (OB) (Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈɔsəˌvɑːˌbrantvaχ], from Afrikaans: ossewa, lit. 'ox-wagon' and Afrikaans: brandwag, lit. 'guard, picket, sentinel, sentry' - Ox-wagon Sentinel) was a pro-Nazi Afrikaner nationalist organization with strong ties to National Socialism, founded in South Africa in Bloemfontein on 4 February 1939.