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Gas expansion pycnometer is also known as constant volume gas pycnometer. The simplest type of gas pycnometer (due to its relative lack of moving parts) consists of two chambers, one (with a removable gas-tight lid) to hold the sample and a second chamber of fixed, known (via calibration) internal volume – referred to as the reference volume or added volume.
Working principle. Pressure is determined by the interaction of particles with a surface, its kinetic energy, and is temperature dependent. When a particle hits a ...
The measured time-dependent surface temperature of the gauge and its known thermal properties allow to recalculate the time-dependent heat flux from the heating environment onto the gauge which caused the temperature change of the gauge. This is accomplished by the theory of heat conduction into a semi-infinite body.
The gauges that Pirani was using in the production environment were some fifty McLeod gauges, each filled with 2 kg of mercury in glass tubes. [3] Pirani was aware of the gas thermal conductivity investigations of Kundt and Warburg [4] (1875) published thirty years earlier and the work of Marian Smoluchowski [5] (1898). In 1906 he described his ...
A Gardon gauge or circular-foil gauge is a heat flux sensor primarily intended for the measurement of high-intensity radiation. It is a sensor that is designed to measure the radiation flux density (in watts per metre squared) from a field of view of 180 degrees.
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
The generation of these ions is proportional to the concentration of organic species in the sample gas stream. To detect these ions, two electrodes are used to provide a potential difference. The positive electrode acts as the nozzle head where the flame is produced. The other, negative electrode is positioned above the flame.
This provides a real time contrast image of the sample, which provides information about film thickness and refractive index. Advanced imaging ellipsometer technology operates on the principle of classical null ellipsometry and real-time ellipsometric contrast imaging. Imaging ellipsometry is based on the concept of nulling.