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An adrenal tumor or adrenal mass [2] is any benign or malignant neoplasms of the adrenal gland, several of which are notable for their tendency to overproduce endocrine hormones. Adrenal cancer is the presence of malignant adrenal tumors, and includes neuroblastoma , adrenocortical carcinoma and some adrenal pheochromocytomas .
Bilateral adrenal gland hemorrhaging is more common. It is characterized by overwhelming bacterial infection meningococcemia leading to massive blood invasion, organ failure , coma , low blood pressure and shock , disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with widespread purpura , rapidly developing adrenocortical insufficiency and death.
Primary aldosteronism (hyporeninemic hyperaldosteronism) is most often caused by bilateral idiopathic (micronodular) adrenal hyperplasia (almost 70% of cases) [4] and adrenal adenoma (Conn's syndrome) (about 30% of cases). [4] These cause hyperplasia of aldosterone-producing cells of the adrenal cortex resulting in primary hyperaldosteronism.
An adrenocortical adenoma or adrenal adenoma is commonly described as a benign neoplasm emerging from the cells that comprise the adrenal cortex.Like most adenomas, the adrenocortical adenoma is considered a benign tumor since the majority of them are non-functioning and asymptomatic.
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer originating in the cortex (steroid hormone-producing tissue) of the adrenal gland.. Adrenocortical carcinoma is remarkable for the many hormonal syndromes that can occur in patients with steroid hormone-producing ("functional") tumors, including Cushing's syndrome, Conn syndrome, virilization, and feminization.
The first considerations are size and radiographic appearance of the mass. Suspicious adrenal masses or those ≥4 cm are recommended for complete removal by adrenalectomy. Masses <4 cm may also be recommended for removal if they are found to be hormonally active, but are otherwise recommended for observation. [ 5 ]
They most commonly occur in the adrenal gland, and comprise about 8% of all adrenal tumours. [8] They may also occur in other sites, such as the mediastinum, the liver and the gastrointestinal tract. [1] There is no gender predilection, males and females are affected equally. The peak age range at diagnosis is between 40 and 79 years of age. [1]
The most common extra-adrenal sites of metastases are the lymph nodes, lung, liver, and bone. [135] There have been several studied risk factors associated with the development of metastatic disease — while the patients genetic background plays an important role, the initial age of presentation and size of the tumor lead to negative outcomes ...