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Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) [a] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.. Charles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life.
He was the most brilliant and dashing of Charles I's generals and the dominant royalist during the Civil War. He was also active in the British navy, a founder-director of the Royal African Company and the Hudson's Bay Company , a scientist, and an artist.
The Civil War was a class war, in which the despotism of Charles I was defended by the reactionary forces of the established Church and conservative landlords, Parliament beat the King because it could appeal to the enthusiastic support of the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside, to the yeomen and progressive gentry, and to ...
In the mid-1640s, the tide of the English Civil War turned dramatically against King Charles I, ultimately leading to his defeat and capture. After a series of decisive battles, including the Battle of Naseby in June 1645, the Parliamentary New Model Army defeated the royalist forces. Charles fled to the Midlands in the hope of finding support ...
Earlier that summer Sir Thomas Fairfax, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Oliver Cromwell (then Member of Parliament for Cambridge and second-in-command), Henry Ireton (Cromwell's son-in-law) and other officers, known as the "Grandees", attempted to negotiate an inclusive settlement with Charles I of England in the aftermath of the First English Civil War.
The book gained massive popularity in a short time, going into twenty editions by the first month of its publication, [73] and has been named by Philip A. Knachel "the most widely read, widely discussed work of royalist propaganda to issue from the English Civil War". [71] The book presented Charles's supposed meditations on the events of his ...
The First English Civil War of 1642–1645 ended in victory for the Parliamentarians over the Royalists (often called "Cavaliers"). The Parliamentarians were often called "Roundheads" because of their short practical haircuts. The Second English Civil War was fought in 1648–1649; Charles lost and the execution of Charles I took place in ...
The second civil war started when Charles sought to gain power through an invasion of England by the Scots—the latter promised that Presbyterianism would be imposed on England. In 1649, following the defeat of the Scottish army and royalist revolts, Charles I was tried, convicted and beheaded by his own subjects.