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Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is a morphinan opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. [7] Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. [9] It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. [7]
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
Intrathecal administration is often used for a single 24-hour dose of analgesia (opioid with local anesthetic). Caution should be exercised with intrathecal opioids due to the risk of late onset hypoventilation. The use of intrathecal morphine may be limited by severe pruritus and urinary retention. [citation needed]
In a hospital setting, an intravenous PCA (IV PCA) refers to an electronically controlled infusion pump that delivers an amount of analgesic when the patient presses a button. [4] IV PCA can be used for both acute and chronic pain patients. It is commonly used for post-operative pain management, and for end-stage cancer patients. [5]
The guideline directs that medications should be given at regular intervals ("by the clock") so that continuous pain relief occurs, and ("by the individual") dosing by actual relief of pain rather than fixed dosing guidelines. It recognizes that breakthrough pain may occur and directs immediate rescue doses be provided.
Dextropropoxyphene [5] is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 [6] and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company.It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene.It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive (cough suppressant) and local anaesthetic effects.
Intravenous anesthetic agents are titrated at safe doses to maintain stage III surgical anesthesia (unconsciousness, amnesia, immobility, and absence of response to noxious stimulation). [10] The use of TIVA is advantageous in cases where volatile anesthesia is of high risk or is impossible, such as cases involving morbidly obese patients.
Medical intervention Epidural administration A freshly inserted lumbar epidural catheter. The site has been prepared with tincture of iodine, and the dressing has not yet been applied. Depth markings may be seen along the shaft of the catheter. ICD-9-CM 03.90 MeSH D000767 OPS-301 code 8-910 [edit on Wikidata] Epidural administration (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "upon" + dura mater) is a method ...