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The terpene alpha-pinene is a major component of the common solvent, turpentine. The one terpene that has major applications is natural rubber (i.e., polyisoprene). The possibility that other terpenes could be used as precursors to produce synthetic polymers has been investigated. Many terpenes have been shown to have pharmacological effects.
A terpene is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon based on combinations of the isoprene unit. Terpenoids are compounds related to terpenes, which may include some oxygen functionality or some rearrangement, however the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Turpentine is composed of terpenes, primarily the monoterpenes alpha-and beta-pinene, with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, limonene, and terpinolene. [3] Substitutes include white spirit or other petroleum distillates – although the constituent chemicals are very different. [4]
Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C 20 H 32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway , with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate.
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C 10 H 16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings (monocyclic and bicyclic). Modified terpenes, such as those containing oxygen functionality or missing a methyl group, are called monoterpenoids. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids ...
The provitamin beta carotene is a terpene derivative called a carotenoid. The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors. Sometimes terpenoids are added to proteins, e.g., to enhance their attachment to the cell membrane; this is known as isoprenylation.
Biosynthetic pathway to alpha-terpinene from geranyl pyrophosphate. [2]The biosynthesis of α-terpinene and other terpenoids starts with the isomerization of geranyl pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate (LPP).
Tetraterpenes are terpenes consisting of eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula C 40 H 64. [1] Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are tetraterpenes that have been chemically modified, as indicated by the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups.