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A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
Code Point: U+0041: The Unicode code point is a number also permanently assigned along with the "Name" property and included in the companion UCS. The usual custom is to represent the code point as hexadecimal number with the prefix "U+" in front. Representative Glyph [17] The representative glyphs are provided in code charts. [18] General Category
Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode 3.1 (2001) [84] The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0 (2006) [85] The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 (2010) [86] They are all the same in their general mechanics, with the main differences being on issues such as allowed range of code point values and safe handling of invalid input.
Character references that are based on the referenced character's UCS or Unicode code point are called numeric character references. In HTML 4 and in all versions of XHTML and XML, the code point can be expressed either as a decimal (base 10) number or as a hexadecimal (base 16) number. The syntax is as follows:
Code points are commonly used in character encoding, where a code point is a numerical value that maps to a specific character.In character encoding code points usually represent a single grapheme—usually a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or whitespace—but sometimes represent symbols, control characters, or formatting. [4]
Online tools for finding the code point for a known character include Unicode Lookup [82] by Jonathan Hedley and Shapecatcher [83] by Benjamin Milde. In Unicode Lookup, one enters a search key (e.g. "fractions"), and a list of corresponding characters with their code points is returned.
The Universal Coded Character Set (UCS, Unicode) is a standard set of characters defined by the international standard ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) (plus my amendments to that standard), which is the basis of many character encodings, improving as characters from previously unrepresented typing systems are added.
The Unicode Standard assigns various properties to each Unicode character and code point. [1] [2]The properties can be used to handle characters (code points) in processes, like in line-breaking, script direction right-to-left or applying controls.