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Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table. Its only stable isotope is 23 Na. The free metal does not occur in nature and must be prepared from compounds.
The sodium–potassium pump, a critical enzyme for regulating sodium and potassium levels in cells. Sodium ions (Na +) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, [1] but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts [1] by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance.
Excess sodium consumption increases blood pressure. [16] [19] Some studies suggest a U-shaped association between salt intake and mortality, with increased mortality associated with both excessively low and excessively high salt intake. [8] [9] [20] Larger reductions in salt intake lead to larger decreases in blood pressure. [19]
When our bodies receive too much sodium, extra fluid is pulled into the bloodstream. This increased volume of fluid puts stress on the blood vessels and causes them to harden over time.
“Sodium is an electrolyte needed for balanced fluid and blood volume and important cellular functions," Dr. Tracy said. "Athletes lose a lot of salt when they sweat. This needs to be replaced to ...
For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure or diseases such as Ménière's disease, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health. WHO guidelines [ 4 ] [ 5 ] state that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium/day (i.e. about 5 grams of traditional table salt), and at least 3,510 mg of potassium per day. [ 6 ]
While reduction of sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day is recommended by developed countries, [6] one review recommended that sodium intake be reduced to at least 1,200 mg (contained in 3 g of salt) per day, as a further reduction in salt intake led to a greater fall in systolic blood pressure for all age groups and ethnicities. [68]
Fluid volume excess in the intravascular compartment occurs due to an increase in total body sodium content and a consequent increase in extracellular body water. The mechanism usually stems from compromised regulatory mechanisms for sodium handling as seen in congestive heart failure (CHF), kidney failure, and liver failure.