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Fallot's tetralogy specimen, from the UCT Pathology Learning Centre. There is anatomic variation between the hearts of individuals with tetralogy of Fallot. [10] Primarily, the degree of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction varies between patients and generally determines clinical symptoms and disease progression. [10]
The VACTERL association (also VATER association, and less accurately VACTERL syndrome) refers to a recognized group of birth defects which tend to co-occur (see below).This pattern is a recognized association, as opposed to a syndrome, because there is no known pathogenetic cause to explain the grouped incidence.
The Trilogy of Fallot also called Fallot's trilogy is a rare congenital heart disease consisting of the following defects: pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and atrial septal defect. [1] It occurs in 1.2% of all congenital heart defects. [2]
Cœur en sabot (French for "clog-shaped heart" or "boot-shaped heart" [1]) is a radiological sign seen most commonly in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, [2] a cyanotic congenital heart disease. It is a radiological term to describe the following findings in the x-ray: [ citation needed ]
Tetralogy of Fallot; Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary: Malabsorption; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; Cirrhosis, especially in primary biliary cholangitis [9] Hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis [10] Others: Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism) – in this case it is known as thyroid acropachy [11]
The most typical form of APVS is a tetralogy of Fallot variant, [4] however, case studies have linked APVS to several different congenital cardiac syndromes, such as agenesis of ductus arteriosus, [5] persistent ductus arteriosus, [6] atrioventricular septal defect, [7] pulmonary branching abnormalities, [8] [9] transposition of the great arteries, [10] and type B interrupted aortic arch. [11]
Others include atrial septal defect, cardiac diverticulum, pulmonic stenosis, double outlet right ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, dextrocardia, and transposition of the great vessels. [ 2 ] Causes
Meigs syndrome may mimic other conditions, [4] since it is tumor arising from ovaries, pathology of any organs present in the abdomen may show a similar set of symptoms. . These include various gynecological disorders of the uterus such as endometrial tumor, sarcoma, leiomyoma (pseudo-Meigs syndrome); fallopian tube disorders such as hydrosalpinx, granulomatous salpingitis, fallopian tube ...