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Minoxidil is a medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure and pattern hair loss. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] It is an antihypertensive and a vasodilator . [ 10 ] It is available as a generic medication by prescription in oral tablet form and over the counter as a topical liquid or foam.
Minoxidil sulfate is a sulfate ester of minoxidil, not a sulfate salt of the compound. [3] However, minoxidil sulfate forms an inner salt , which makes it more hydrophobic than minoxidil. [ 3 ] This is in contrast to most sulfate esters, which are usually more hydrophilic than their non-ester forms. [ 3 ]
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Minoxidil, applied topically, is widely used for the treatment of hair loss. It may be effective in helping promote hair growth in both men and women with androgenic alopecia . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] About 40% of men experience hair regrowth after 3–6 months. [ 22 ]
A Cochrane-style systematic review published in 2019 showed 5% topical minoxidil was more than 8x more associated with >50% hair regrowth at 6 months compared to placebo. [10] In cases of severe hair loss, limited success has been achieved by using the corticosteroid medications clobetasol or fluocinonide as an injection or cream.
A 2023 study comparing the efficacy and safety of 1-milligram daily oral minoxidil and 5% topical minoxidil found that topical minoxidil had a better therapeutic effect (meaning it worked a little ...
The SULT1A1 enzyme is expressed in outer roots sheath of hair follicles. Minoxidil, the only US FDA approved topical drug for re-growing hair in male and female pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia patients) is a pro-drug. Minoxidil is converted to its active form (minoxidil sulfate) by the hair sulfotransferase enzyme (SULT1A1). [6]
[24] [4] In the United States, finasteride and minoxidil are the only two FDA approved drugs for the treatment of male pattern hair loss as of 2017. [25] Treatment with finasteride slows further hair loss [26] and provides about 30% improvement in hair loss after six months of treatment, with effectiveness persisting as long as the drug is ...