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In 2004 and 2005, Hwang Woo-suk, a professor at Seoul National University, published two separate articles in the journal Science claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, embryonic stem cells from a cloned human blastocyst using SCNT techniques. Hwang claimed to have created eleven different patient-specific stem cell lines.
The clones in this story are short-lived, and can only survive a matter of minutes before they expire. [159] Science fiction films such as The Matrix and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones have featured scenes of human foetuses being cultured on an industrial scale in mechanical tanks. [160]
Starbuck II, a clone of Holstein breeding bull Hanoverhill Starbuck, was born by Caesarean section on 7 September 2000. It was one of the first animals cloned for commercial purposes. [17] [18] In 2000, Texas A&M University cloned a Black Angus bull named 86 Squared, after cells from his donor, Bull 86, had been frozen for 15 years. Both bulls ...
Organs from cloned pigs have been transplanted into human patients. [7] [better source needed] (See Xenotransplantation) Cancer-sniffing dogs have also been cloned. A review concluded that "qualified elite working dogs can be produced by cloning a working dog that exhibits both an appropriate temperament and good health." [8]
The birth of three cloned mules in the United States on May 4, 2003, came just before that of the first horse. [10] The first successful attempt to produce a viable clone was made by the Italian laboratory LTR-CIZ, which gave birth to Prometea on May 28, 2003, a Haflinger foal carried to term by her mother, whose genetic copy she is. [9]
Megan and Morag, two domestic sheep, were the first mammals to have been successfully cloned from differentiated cells. [1] They are not to be confused with Dolly the sheep which was the first animal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell [2] or Polly the sheep which was the first cloned and transgenic animal. [3]
Since scientists produced the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep in 1996 using the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats. [4] Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted more than 80 days.
Opponents have also raised concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large. Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping God's place and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.