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Plough. Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough. A plough or (US) plow (both pronounced / plaʊ /) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. [1] Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but in modern farms are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or ...
The surviving ridges are parallel, ranging from 3 to 22 yards (3 to 20 m) apart and up to 24 inches (61 cm) tall – they were much taller when in use. Older examples are often curved. Ridge and furrow topography was a result of ploughing with non-reversible ploughs on the same strip of land each year.
Plow teams, ideally comprising eight oxen, were necessary to plow the heavy soils. Few farmers were wealthy enough to own a full team and thus plowing required cooperation and sharing of draft animals among farmers. Horses in Roman times were owned mostly by the wealthy but they were increasingly used as draft animals to replace oxen after ...
The ard, ard plough, [1] or scratch plough[2] is a simple light plough without a mouldboard. It is symmetrical on either side of its line of draft and is fitted with a symmetrical share that traces a shallow furrow but does not invert the soil. It began to be replaced in China by the heavy carruca turnplough in the 1st century, [3] and in most ...
Similar ploughs were used throughout antiquity. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. [35] Some of the earliest known domestications were of animals.
Carruca. The carruca or caruca was a kind of heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. The carruca used a heavy iron plowshare to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen. The carruca also bore a coulter and moldboard. It gave its name to the English carucate.
Plowshare. In agriculture, a plowshare (US) or ploughshare (UK; / ˈplaʊʃɛər /) is a component of a plow (or plough). It is the cutting or leading edge of a moldboard which closely follows the coulter (one or more ground-breaking spikes) when plowing. The plowshare itself is often a hardened blade dressed into an integral moldboard (by the ...
Plan of the original single-furrow plough. The first plough produced by Richard Smith was a three-furrow plough he called the "Vixen". [14] [15] Later that same year, Richard Smith demonstrated a single-furrow stump-jump plough which included a chain that dragged the bottom of the ploughshare back into the ground, known as the "bridle draught".