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Compared to sealed roads, which require large machinery to work and pour concrete or to lay and smooth a bitumen-based surface, gravel roads are easy and cheap to build.. However, compared to dirt roads, all-weather gravel highways are quite expensive to build, as they require front loaders, dump trucks, graders, and roadrollers to provide a base course of compacted earth or other material ...
A road being resurfaced using a road roller. Red surfacing for a bicycle lane in the Netherlands. Construction crew laying down asphalt over fiber-optic trench, in New York City. A road surface (British English) or pavement (North American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot ...
Chipseal. Chipseal (also chip seal or chip and seal) is a pavement surface treatment that combines one or more layers of asphalt with one or more layers of fine aggregate. In the United States, chipseals are typically used on rural roads carrying lower traffic volumes, and the process is often referred to as asphaltic surface treatment.
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a measure of the strength of the subgrade of a road or other paved area, and of the materials used in its construction. The ratio is measured using a standardized penetration test first developed by the California Division of Highways for highway engineering. [1] Empirical tests measure the strength of the ...
Macadam. An illustration of the first macadamized road in the United States between Boonsboro and Hagerstown in Maryland in 1823; in the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces (170 g) in weight or to pass a two-inch (5 cm) ring". Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon ...
Grading (earthworks) Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden ...
Chipseal aggregate on Ellsworth Road in Tomah, Wisconsin. Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse- to medium-grained particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.
Subbase (pavement) In highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles. Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement.