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HIV-1 testing is initially done using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to HIV-1. Specimens with a non-reactive result from the initial ELISA are considered HIV-negative, unless new exposure to an infected partner or partner of unknown HIV status has occurred.
HIV antibody tests are highly sensitive, meaning they react preferentially with HIV antibodies, but not all positive or inconclusive HIV ELISA tests mean the person is infected by HIV. Risk history, and clinical judgement should be included in the assessment, and a confirmation test (western blot) should be administered.
The classification "Long-term non-progressor" is not permanent, because some patients in this category have gone on to develop AIDS. [ citation needed ] Long-term nonprogressors typically have viral loads under 10,000 copies /mL blood, [ 3 ] do not take antiretrovirals, and have CD4+ counts within the normal range. [ 4 ]
Non-reactive (negative) tests are followed up with nucleic acid tests for viral RNA. [ 27 ] About 70-80% of people infected with HIV will experience symptoms during the seroconversion period within about two to four weeks, primarily associated with a high viral load and the immune system's acute response to the infection. [ 25 ]
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4 + T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 + T cells. [88] HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, [89] part of the family Retroviridae. [90] Lentiviruses share many morphological and biological characteristics.
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