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Bronze disease is an irreversible and nearly inexorable corrosion process that occurs when chlorides come into contact with bronze or other copper-bearing alloys. [1] It can occur as both a dark green coating, or as a much lighter whitish fuzzy or furry green coating. [ 1 ]
The Statue of Liberty gets its famous green color from the natural patina formed on its copper surface. The green patina that forms naturally on copper and bronze, sometimes called verdigris , usually consists of varying mixtures of copper chlorides , sulfides , sulfates , and carbonates , depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur ...
According to Kipper, acid rain can be particularly harmful to bronze sculptures, because the main component is usually sulfides, or sulfuric acid, which can harm patinas and the bronze surfaces causing streaking to occur on the surface. [1] Many different effects can occur on a sculpture due to being in an outdoor environment.
In 2013, the statue was restored in preparation for the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn in 2014. [1] The statue which was cast in bronze was slowly turning green. [11] Culture secretary Fiona Hyslop said "The Robert the Bruce statue is an iconic part of the Bannockburn site, and a poignant reminder of the battle". [1]
The Statue of Liberty, showing advanced patination; verdigris is responsible for the statue's iconic green colour.. Verdigris (/ ˈ v ɜːr d ɪ ɡ r iː (s)/) [1] is a common name for any of a variety of somewhat toxic [2] [3] [4] copper salts of acetic acid, which range in colour from green to a bluish-green depending on their chemical composition.
Similar to many other bronze statues, the statue of Joseph of Portugal had an interventive conservation treatment. The conservation decision made to remove the patina most likely happened for two reasons. Firstly, it improves the visual impression of the statue; and secondly, the patina is a corrosive process slowly destroying the metal.
The Emancipation and Freedom Monument, designed by Oregon sculptor Thomas Jay Warren, comprises two 12-foot bronze statues depicting a man and a woman carrying an infant, newly freed from slavery.
Verdigris or Vert-de-Gris, is a blue-green, copper-based pigment. Its name comes from the natural pigments that form a patina on copper, bronze, and brass as it ages. [2] The most famous example is the green patina that formed on the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.