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Kathleen Thelen has traced the origins of the modern system of plant-based apprenticeship in Germany to the legislation passed by the German government in 1897. [2] German vocational training institutions have gradually changed since then; however key features of the original system are still in place.
Many jobs which do require an academic degree in other countries (such as nursing) require completed vocational training instead in Germany. The rate of university graduates varies by federal state. The number is the highest in Berlin and the lowest in Schleswig-Holstein .
After 1952 two year courses, and later, from 1956, three year bachelor's degree-equivalent courses were also taught. From 1958 correspondence courses were also offered, and from 1959 courses were run for foreign trade unionists. Over 15,000 East German and 5,000 foreign trade unionists were trained by the FDGB school between 1947 and 1990. [2]
A guest worker from Cuba, working in an East German factory (Chemiefaserkombinat "Wilhelm Pieck"), 1986. After the division of Germany into East and West in 1949, East Germany faced an acute labour shortage, mainly because of East Germans fleeing into the western zones occupied by the Allies; [35] in 1966 the GDR (German Democratic Republic) signed its first guest worker contract with Poland. [36]
Most foreign workers recruited to East Germany, known locally as Vertragsarbeiter, came from North Vietnam (ca. 60,000), [21] Cuba (30,000), [22] Mozambique (21,000) [23] and Angola (6,000). [24] The government portrayed East Germany as a post-racial society and called the foreign workers socialist "friends" who would learn skills which could ...
BSHS Monographs: work of lasting scholarly value that might not otherwise be made available, and aids the dissemination of innovative projects advancing scholarship or education in the field [7] Other publications are online, including the BSHS List of Theses, and the BSHS Guide to Institutions. [8] The society also awards several prizes:
A private university is included in the list if it awards its own doctorate degree. In general, public German universities do not charge tuition fees. At many universities this usually also applies to foreign students, [3] though regulations for non-EU foreign citizens differ regionally. [4] Universities may charge small fees for administrative ...
Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy, Poland and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation.