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This corresponds exactly to the d-block elements, and many scientists use this definition. [5] [6] In actual practice, the f-block lanthanide and actinide series are called "inner transition metals". The 2005 Red Book allows for the group 12 elements to be excluded, but not the 2011 Principles. [7]
The d-block, with the d standing for "diffuse" and azimuthal quantum number 2, is in the middle of the periodic table and encompasses elements from groups 3 to 12; it starts in the 4th period. Periods from the fourth onwards have a space for ten d-block elements.
Like in most other d-block groups, the abundance in Earth's crust of group 12 elements decreases with higher atomic number. Zinc is with 65 parts per million (ppm) the most abundant in the group while cadmium with 0.1 ppm and mercury with 0.08 ppm are orders of magnitude less abundant. [63]
The d-block contraction (sometimes called scandide contraction [1]) is a term used in chemistry to describe the effect of having full d orbitals on the period 4 elements. The elements in question are gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, bromine, and krypton [citation needed]. Their electronic configurations include completely filled d ...
A recognisably modern form of the table was reached in 1945 with Glenn T. Seaborg's discovery that the actinides were in fact f-block rather than d-block elements. The periodic table and law are now a central and indispensable part of modern chemistry.
transition element = d-block element (groups 3 through 12) inner transition element = f-block element; groups (columns) between group 2 and 3 are not numbered. In many sources "transition metal" and "inner transition metal" are used instead of "transition element" and "inner transition element", as those elements are all metals.
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The inert-pair effect is the tendency of the two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital to remain unshared in compounds of post-transition metals.The term inert-pair effect is often used in relation to the increasing stability of oxidation states that are two less than the group valency for the heavier elements of groups 13, 14, 15 and 16.