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Intel distributes microcode updates as a 2,048 (2 kilobyte) binary blob. [1] The update contains information about which processors it is designed for, so that this can be checked against the result of the CPUID instruction. [ 1 ]
In October 2018, Intel disclosed a TSX/TSX-NI memory ordering issue found in some Skylake processors. [26] As a result of a microcode update, HLE support was disabled in the affected CPUs, and RTM was mitigated by sacrificing one performance counter when used outside of Intel SGX mode or System Management Mode . System software would have to ...
Intel processor microcode security update (fixes the issues when running 32-bit virtual machines in PAE mode) Notes on Intel Microcode Updates, March 2013, by Ben Hawkes, archived from the original on September 7, 2015; Hole seen in Intel's bug-busting feature, EE Times, 2002, by Alexander Wolfe, archived from the original on March 9, 2003
Intel promised microcode updates to resolve the vulnerability. [1] The microcode patches have been shown to significantly reduce the performance of some heavily-vectorized loads. [7] Patches to mitigate the effects of the vulnerability have also been created as part of the forthcoming version 6.5 release of the Linux kernel. [8]
On all supported CPUs, the latest available microcode updates have disabled LWP due to Spectre mitigations. [31] These instructions are available in Ring 3, but not available in Real Mode and Virtual-8086 mode. All of them use the XOP prefix.
Below is the full 8086/8088 instruction set of Intel (81 instructions total). [2] These instructions are also available in 32-bit mode, in which they operate on 32-bit registers ( eax , ebx , etc.) and values instead of their 16-bit ( ax , bx , etc.) counterparts.
AMD64 requires a different microcode update format and control MSRs (model-specific registers), while Intel 64 implements microcode update unchanged from their 32-bit only processors. Intel 64 lacks some MSRs that are considered architectural in AMD64. These include SYSCFG, TOP_MEM, and TOP_MEM2.
Ivy Bridge is the codename for Intel's 22 nm microarchitecture used in the third generation of the Intel Core processors (Core i7, i5, i3). Ivy Bridge is a die shrink to 22 nm process based on FinFET ("3D") Tri-Gate transistors , from the former generation's 32 nm Sandy Bridge microarchitecture—also known as tick–tock model .