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The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn [1] (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. [2] It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1915.
The body's response to stress is also termed a "fight or flight" response, and it is characterised by an increase in blood flow to the skeletal muscles, heart, and brain, a rise in heart rate and blood pressure, dilation of pupils, and an increase in the amount of glucose released by the liver. [8]
The fight-or-flight response is a biological response of humans and other animals to acute stressors. Fight or Flight may also refer to: Fight or Flight, a documentary film; Fight or Flight (2025 film), a British action film; Fight or Flight, a 1996 book documenting battles from the soldier's perspective by military historian Geoffrey Regan
The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, is set into action by the autonomic nervous system. [3] The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs.
Reaction to stress—as in the flight-or-fight response—is thought to be elicited by the sympathetic nervous system and to counteract the parasympathetic system, which works to promote maintenance of the body at rest. The comprehensive functions of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not so straightforward, but this ...
[10] [14] Animals can respond with physiological responses, [10] behavioural responses, psychological responses, [9] or physical responses (fight-or-flight). [2] Canon argued that there are two possible choices that an organism may choose when stress is encountered: fight responses or flight responses. [2]
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These hormones include epinephrine (adrenaline) to increase blood flow and heart rate for a sufficient fight-or-flight response, [6] and ghrelin, which is commonly described as "the hunger hormone". [ 7 ]