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Chemical structure of a polypeptide macromolecule. A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid. It is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers.
The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α. It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α. More accurately, degree of dissociation refers to the amount of solute dissociated into ions or radicals per mole.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. [1] [2] A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. [3] Polypeptides that have a molecular mass of 10,000 Da or more are called proteins. [4] Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides.
The three individual polypeptide chains that make up the trimer are shown. In biochemistry, a protein trimer is a macromolecular complex formed by three, usually non-covalently bound, macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. A protein trimer often occurs from the assembly of a protein's quaternary structure. [1]
Intramolecular transesterification, resulting in a branched polypeptide. In inteins, the new ester bond is broken by an intramolecular attack by the soon-to-be C-terminal asparagine. Intermolecular transesterification can transfer a whole segment from one polypeptide to another, as is seen in the Hedgehog protein autoprocessing.
Epoxide monomers may be cross linked with themselves, or with the addition of a co-reactant, to form epoxy; BPA is the monomer precursor for polycarbonate; Terephthalic acid is a comonomer that, with ethylene glycol, forms polyethylene terephthalate. Dimethylsilicon dichloride is a monomer that, upon hydrolysis, gives polydimethylsiloxane.
Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule. Proteins are polymers – specifically polypeptides – formed from sequences of amino acids, which are the monomers of the polymer. A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue, which indicates a
The side chains of the standard amino acids have a variety of chemical structures and properties, and it is the combined effect of all amino acids that determines its three-dimensional structure and chemical reactivity. [35] The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds between amino and carboxyl