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One method for deduplicating data relies on the use of cryptographic hash functions to identify duplicate segments of data. If two different pieces of information generate the same hash value, this is known as a collision. The probability of a collision depends mainly on the hash length (see birthday attack).
Off-by-one errors are common in using the C library because it is not consistent with respect to whether one needs to subtract 1 byte – functions like fgets() and strncpy will never write past the length given them (fgets() subtracts 1 itself, and only retrieves (length − 1) bytes), whereas others, like strncat will write past the length given them.
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text , where each line of the file typically represents one data record .
The string spelled by the edges from the root to such a node is a longest repeated substring. The problem of finding the longest substring with at least k {\displaystyle k} occurrences can be solved by first preprocessing the tree to count the number of leaf descendants for each internal node, and then finding the deepest node with at least k ...
The standard value for this constant in Winkler's work is = The Jaro–Winkler distance d w {\displaystyle d_{w}} is defined as d w = 1 − s i m w {\displaystyle d_{w}=1-sim_{w}} . Although often referred to as a distance metric , the Jaro–Winkler distance is not a metric in the mathematical sense of that term because it does not obey the ...
Word2vec is a technique in natural language processing (NLP) for obtaining vector representations of words. These vectors capture information about the meaning of the word based on the surrounding words.
Implementation is based on parity-preserving bit operations (XOR and ADD), multiply, or divide. A necessary adjunct to the hash function is a collision-resolution method that employs an auxiliary data structure like linked lists, or systematic probing of the table to find an empty slot.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 January 2025. Observation that in many real-life datasets, the leading digit is likely to be small For the unrelated adage, see Benford's law of controversy. The distribution of first digits, according to Benford's law. Each bar represents a digit, and the height of the bar is the percentage of ...