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Parthenium integrifolium is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names wild quinine, American feverfew, and eastern feverfew. It is native to the eastern and midwestern United States.
Parthenium is a genus of North American annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, and shrubs in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae and subfamily Asteroideae. [ 4 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] The name Parthenium is an evolution of the Ancient Greek name παρθένιον ( parthenion ), which referred to Tanacetum parthenium .
Tanacetum parthenium, known as feverfew, [1] is a flowering plant in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It may be grown as an ornament , and may be identified by its synonyms, Chrysanthemum parthenium and Pyrethrum parthenium .
Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat bronchitis. [83] The essential oil of the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs, and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes. Glycyrrhiza glabra: Licorice root: Purported uses include stomach ulcers, bronchitis, and sore throat. [84]
Quinine is an alkaloid, a naturally occurring chemical compound. [5] How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear. [5] Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree, which is native to Peru, [5] [9] [10] and its molecular formula was determined by Adolph Strecker in 1854. [11]
Quinine remained the first-line antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it. Until recently Chloroquine was the most widely used antimalarial drug. [ citation needed ] Warburg's Tincture was included in Burroughs Wellcome & Company 's tabloid medicine cases of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm [8] (83 mg per liter), while the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500–1000 mg, [9] and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2,100 mg daily for a 70-kilogram (150 lb) adult). [10]
It is native to the American tropics. [1] Common names include Santa-Maria, [2] Santa Maria feverfew, [3] whitetop weed, [4] and famine weed. [5] In India, it is locally known as carrot grass, congress grass [6] or gajar ghas or dhanura. [7] It is a common invasive species [8] in India, [9] Australia, and parts of Africa. [5] Pollen grains of ...