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An adult horse has an average rate of respiration at rest of 12 to 24 breaths per minute. [3] Young foals have higher resting respiratory rates than adult horses, usually 36 to 40 breaths per minute. [3] Heat and humidity can raise the respiration rate considerably, especially if the horse has a dark coat and is in the sun.
The horse's respiratory system consists of the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, diaphragm, and lungs. Additionally, the nasolacrimal duct and sinuses are connected to the nasal passage. The horse's respiratory system not only allows the animal to breathe, but also is important in the horse's sense of smell (olfactory ability) as well as in ...
The trachea (pl.: tracheae or tracheas), also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all animals lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi.
Approximately 43 to 75% of horses have blood in the trachea and bronchi following a single post-race endoscopic examination. [7] In one study, all horses endoscoped on at least three separate occasions following racing had EIPH at least once. [8] Epistaxis (blood coming from one or both nostrils) is much less common, occurring in 0.25–13% of ...
The hyoid apparatus of a horse. A–D: hyoid apparatus (D: basihyoid), E: epiglottis, F: glottis, G–J: cartilages of the trachea. Hyoid apparatus of a leopard gecko, Euplepharis maculatus, with attached tracheal rings (ventral view, anterior towards the right)
Horses are subject to equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, a disease of the axons of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The cause is not known, although a genetic predisposition is suspected. The length of the nerve is a factor since it is more common in larger horses, and the left side is affected almost exclusively.
Strangles (also called equine distemper) is a contagious upper respiratory tract infection of horses and other equines caused by a Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus equi. [1] As a result, the lymph nodes swell, compressing the pharynx, larynx, and trachea, and can cause airway obstruction leading to death, hence the name strangles. [2]
The carina is a cartilaginous ridge separating the left and right main bronchi that is formed by the inferior-ward and posterior-ward prolongation of the inferior-most tracheal cartilage. [2] The carina occurs at the lower end of the trachea - usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebra.